Urine transferrin

With the continuous improvement of modernization, people's quality of life is also constantly improving, people's living standards are also constantly improving, and people's living and eating habits are also constantly improving. It is precisely because of this situation that people do more things, and these things are generally more meaningful to themselves. Urinary transferrin is one of them.

As for this kind of urinary transferrin, there are actually many ways to do it in life, and people have many choices. The following is some information about this kind of urinary transferrin. I also hope that everyone can make good use of this information.

How does nephrotic proteinuria develop?

Proteinuria is a typical symptom of chronic kidney disease, and the formation of proteinuria is closely related to the barrier function of the glomerulus. The glomerular capillaries are composed of three layers, namely the endothelial cell layer, the basement membrane layer and the epithelial cell layer from the inside to the outside. Since these three layers of cells are distributed with pores of varying sizes and negative charges, the barrier function of the glomerular capillaries can be divided into two types, namely mechanical barrier - pores and charge barrier - negative charge.

1. Mechanical barrier - filter hole

The glomerular filtration barrier consists of three layers from inside to outside:

①The inner layer is the endothelial cells of the capillaries. There are many small holes with a diameter of 50-100nm on endothelial cells, called fenestrations. Water, various solutes and large molecular proteins can pass through the windows freely; but blood cells can be prevented from passing through, acting as a blood cell barrier.

②The middle layer is the non-cellular basement membrane, which has a microfibrous network structure. Larger molecules in plasma, such as proteins, cannot pass through the basement membrane. The basement membrane is the main barrier of the glomerulus to prevent the filtration of large molecular proteins.

③The outer layer is the epithelial cells of the glomerulus. Epithelial cells have foot processes that interdigitate with each other to form clefts. There is a filtration slit membrane on the slit, and there are pores with a diameter of 4-14nm on the membrane. It can prevent large molecular proteins filtered out by the inner and middle layers from passing through, and is the last barrier to filtration. Endothelial cells, basement membrane and epithelial cells together constitute the glomerular filtration membrane. The filtration channels of different sizes on the filter membrane can only allow small molecules to pass through easily, while substances with a larger effective radius can only pass through larger channels. Generally speaking, substances with an effective radius less than 1.8nm can be completely filtered. Macromolecules with an effective radius greater than 3.6 nm, such as plasma albumin (molecular weight of approximately 69,000), are almost completely unable to be filtered.

2. Charge barrier - negative charge

Each layer of the filter membrane contains many negatively charged substances, so the permeability of the filter membrane is also determined by the charge carried by the filtered substances. These negatively charged substances repel negatively charged plasma proteins, limiting their filtration. Although the effective radius of plasma albumin is 3.5 nm, it is difficult to pass through the filtration membrane because it is negatively charged. When various pathological injuries (including primary and secondary injuries) act on the kidneys, it will cause local microcirculation disorders in the damaged kidneys, leading to ischemia and hypoxia of renal tissue (functional renal units). Due to ischemia and hypoxia, the glomerular capillary endothelial cells are damaged. Once the glomerular capillary endothelial cells are damaged, they will attract the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the blood circulation and release pathogenic inflammatory mediators (IL-1, TNF-α, etc.). The pathological damage at this time will cause an inflammatory response in the damaged kidneys. When the kidneys are in a pathological state, a series of changes will occur in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM): the filtration pores will enlarge or close, the GBM will rupture, the charge barrier will be damaged, the renal permeability will increase, and the negatively charged glycoproteins on the filtration membrane will decrease or disappear, all of which will cause the amount of negatively charged plasma protein filtration to increase significantly compared to normal. Therefore, proteinuria is formed clinically during this period.

Through the above understanding and introduction, I believe everyone can have a certain understanding of this urinary transferrin. At the same time, I hope that everyone can get help from the above knowledge. At the same time, I also hope that everyone can do more exercises suitable for themselves in their daily lives. At the same time, I also hope that everyone can eat more green and healthy vegetables in their daily lives.