What are the specific symptoms of renal failure?

①Oliguria period.

Decreased urine volume leads to hyperkalemia, water intoxication (severe edema, increased blood pressure, pulmonary edema or cerebral edema), metabolic acidosis and symptoms of acute uremia. Hyperkalemia and water intoxication were the main causes of death.

②Polyuria period.

After the regeneration and repair of renal tubular epithelial cells, the urine volume gradually increases, causing the blood potassium and blood sodium to decrease. Patients with persistent polyuria may die from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

③Recovery period.

After the polyuria period, the urine volume decreases to normal, and the blood sugar, creatinine (Scr) and electrolytes return to normal levels, but it takes 3 to 6 months for the renal tubular function and structure to return to normal. Those who fail to recover will develop chronic renal failure. Although the non-oliguric type has a lot of urine volume, the blood stain and Scr increase day by day and poisoning symptoms appear. Because the renal damage is mild, the prognosis is good.

Treatment

① Treatment is targeted at the cause, such as volume expansion to correct pre-renal factors and eliminate post-renal obstructive factors. Severe acute or other glomerulonephritis can be effectively treated with hormone shock. Allergic interstitial nephritis should immediately stop taking the medication and give anti-allergic drugs, etc.

② During the oliguria period, the principle of fluid intake is to keep the amount of fluid out as the amount of fluid in.

③Correct hyperkalemia and acidosis.

④ Start dialysis therapy as early as possible, which has the functions of dehydration, removal of toxins, correction of electrolyte imbalance and acid-base imbalance, and enables patients to overcome the difficulties of the oliguria period. During the polyuria period, water and electrolyte balance should be strictly monitored to prevent death from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. During the recovery period, it is very important to pay attention to strengthening nutrition, rest and avoiding the use of nephrotoxic drugs.