What is the blood routine for blood diseases?

Routine blood tests are relatively accurate for the examination of blood diseases. We know that blood diseases are relatively serious diseases. The most common one in clinical practice is leukemia, which can cause anemia and bleeding in patients. Generally speaking, the routine blood test of leukemia will have abnormal conditions, such as increased white blood cells, decreased platelets, etc., especially white blood cells are relatively sensitive and can be used as one of the main bases for diagnosing leukemia through white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, etc.

Routine blood test for leukemia Leukemia is a type of malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells. Clinically, there are varying degrees of anemia, bleeding, infection, fever, enlargement of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone pain. It is reported that the incidence rate of leukemia in various regions of my country ranks sixth among various tumors. Therefore, many people are very focused on leukemia, whether they are ordinary people, leukemia patients or medical staff.

The routine blood test for leukemia is an examination that is directly related to leukemia. Normally, the blood routine of ordinary people is normal, but the blood routine of leukemia patients will have some abnormalities.

The routine blood test of leukemia patients shows anemia, increased white blood cell count (partial decrease), low platelet count, etc., especially white blood cells, which are very sensitive.

Is a routine blood test for leukemia accurate? A routine blood test cannot diagnose leukemia, but it has a certain auxiliary role in the diagnosis of leukemia. Because leukemia can cause abnormal blood test data, it can be used as one of the bases for diagnosing leukemia.

1. White blood cells : The number of white blood cells may reach 300×109/L, or it may be as low as (0.2~0.3)×109/L. The white blood cell count is generally low in the early stages of acute leukemia, but is mostly high in the late stages. When the total white blood cell count is extremely high or extremely low, the condition is often serious, difficult to treat, and the effect is poor. The presence of acute leukemia cells in peripheral blood is an important basis for the diagnosis of acute leukemia. Diagnosis is not difficult when the total white blood cell count is high, but when the white blood cell count is low, leukemia cells can often only be found through concentrated smears or the tail of blood smears. 2. Red blood cells and hemoglobin: Generally show normocytosis and normochromic anemia, and immature red blood cells can sometimes be seen in the blood film. The number of reticulocytes is often decreased, but may be slightly increased in a few cases. 3. Platelets: The platelet count may be normal or slightly reduced in the early stages of leukemia. In the middle and late stages, there will be a significant decrease, lower than 10×109/L. Platelets vary in size and are deformed. Giant platelets may appear, and platelet factor III and coagulation function are abnormal. Causes of leukemia in children 1. Viruses It has long been confirmed that type C RNA tumor viruses, also known as retroviruses, are the cause of spontaneous leukemia in mammals such as mice, cats, cattle, sheep and primates. This virus can synthesize a DNA copy, namely a provirus, according to the RNA sequence through endogenous reverse transcriptase, which can induce malignant transformation when inserted into the host's chromosomal DNA. Tumor viruses carry viral oncogenes (v-onc). Most vertebrates (including human cells) have genes homologous to v-onc in their genomes, called oncogenes. After v-onc is integrated into the genome of the host cell, it can cause adjacent genes to undergo malignant transformation. Retroviral infection can also activate tumorigenic genes, turning them into malignant transformation genes, leading to malignant transformation of target cells. Even if the viral genes that enter the body do not contain v-onc, they may cause leukemia if they change the normal function of the genes.

The study of viral etiology of human leukemia has a history of several decades, but so far only adult T-cell leukemia has been confirmed to be caused by viruses. 2. Genetic factors Genetic factors are related to the onset of certain leukemias. 8.1% of leukemia patients had a family history of leukemia, while only 0.5% of the control group had a family history of leukemia. The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in people who marry close relatives is 30 times higher than the expected value. Certain genetic diseases with chromosomal abnormalities and breaks are often accompanied by a higher incidence of leukemia, such as Down syndrome, congenital vascular dilatation erythema (Bloom syndrome) and Fanconi anemia. 50% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a special palm print called Sydney line. There is a certain connection between leukemia and HLA antigen types. For example, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is often accompanied by HLA-A2 and A9. All of these indicate that there is some connection between genetic factors and the onset of leukemia, but for most leukemias, leukemia is not a hereditary disease after all. 3. Radiation factors: Ionizing radiation can cause leukemia, and its effect is related to the radiation dose and the radiation site. A single larger dose (1-9 Gy) or multiple smaller doses can cause leukemogenesis. Whole-body irradiation and radiation field irradiation, especially bone marrow irradiation, can lead to myelotoxicity and immune-toxicity. Chromosome breakage and recombination can still be observed several months after irradiation. Radiation can cause reversible breaks in double-stranded DNA, allowing tumor-causing viruses in cells to replicate and be excreted. Radiation can induce acute and chronic non-lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia, but not chronic lymphocytic leukemia. There is often a period of bone marrow suppression before the onset of the disease, and its latent period is about 2-16 years. 4. The leukemogenic effect of the chemical factor benzene is relatively certain. Benzene-induced acute leukemias are mainly acute myeloid leukemia and erythroleukemia. It is also certain that alkylating agents and cytotoxic drugs can cause secondary leukemia. Most secondary leukemias occur after long-term treatment with alkylating agents for existing lymphatic system malignancies and malignant tumors that are prone to immunodeficiency. Secondary leukemia is also prone to occur after chemotherapy for breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer.

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