Urine glucose 4 plus

In the urine test results, if glucose 4+ appears, it means the patient has diabetes. Diabetes is also a disease that carries relatively high risks for patients. If not treated in time, it is likely to cause more serious diseases in patients and threaten their health to a greater extent. Below, we will introduce the causes, symptoms and diagnosis of diabetes in detail.

1. Causes of diabetes

1. Genetic factors

There is significant genetic heterogeneity in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes has a familial tendency, with 1/4 to 1/2 of patients having a family history of diabetes. Clinically, there are at least 60 genetic syndromes that may be associated with diabetes. There are multiple DNA sites involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, among which the DQ site polymorphism in the HLA antigen gene is the most closely related. Many clear gene mutations have been found in type 2 diabetes, such as the insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucokinase gene, mitochondrial gene, etc.

2. Environmental factors

Obesity caused by overeating and reduced physical activity is the most important environmental factor for type 2 diabetes, making individuals with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes more susceptible to the disease. Patients with type 1 diabetes have an abnormal immune system, which leads to autoimmune reactions and destruction of insulin beta cells after infection with certain viruses such as coxsackie virus, rubella virus, and mumps virus.

2. Clinical manifestations of diabetes

1. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss

Severe hyperglycemia causes typical symptoms of "three mores and one less", which are more common in type 1 diabetes. The symptoms of "three more and one less" are more obvious when ketosis or ketoacidosis occurs.

2. Fatigue, obesity

More common in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes often precedes obesity, and if it is not diagnosed promptly, weight will gradually decrease.

3. Differential diagnosis of diabetes

1. Liver disease

Patients with cirrhosis often have abnormal glucose metabolism, typically with normal or low fasting blood sugar and a rapid rise in blood sugar after meals. Fasting blood sugar may also increase in patients with long-term illness.

2. Chronic renal insufficiency

Mild abnormalities in glucose metabolism may occur.

3. Stress

Many stressful conditions such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents, acute infections, trauma, and surgical operations may cause a transient increase in blood sugar, which can be recovered 1 to 2 weeks after the stress factors are eliminated.

4. Various endocrine diseases

For example, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and glucocortinoma can cause secondary diabetes. In addition to increased blood sugar, there are other characteristic manifestations, which are not difficult to identify.