Staging of Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a common tumor that is also difficult to treat. In the early stages of lymphoma development, there are relatively few affected areas and the disease is relatively simple to control. However, if lymphoma develops to the late stage, the tumor will quickly spread to other organs, causing cancer in the human body's organs. In this case, chemotherapy and other treatments are needed. The development of lymphoma can be divided into several stages. So, what are the stages of lymphoma?

1. Staging of lymphoma

1. Phase I

A lymph node region or lymphoid structure (such as the spleen, thymus, or Waldeyer's ring) is involved (stage I); or an extranodal organ or site is involved (IE).

2. Phase II

Two or more lymph node regions on one side of the diaphragm are involved (II); or one extranodal organ/site is locally and continuously involved and the regional lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm are involved (IIE). The number of lymph node involvement areas is indicated by a subscript (eg, II3).

3. Stage III: The lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm are invaded (III), which may be combined with local invasion of extranodal organs or sites (IIIE); or combined with spleen invasion (IIIS); or extranodal organ and spleen invasion (IIIS+E).

4. Stage III 1 with or without involvement of the splenic hilar, splenic, abdominal, and hepatic hilar lymph nodes.

5. Stage III 2 is accompanied by invasion of para-aortic lymph nodes, pelvic lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes.

6. Stage IV is accompanied by extensive invasion of one or more distant extranodal organs.

2. Systemic manifestations of lymphoma

1. Systemic symptoms: Common systemic symptoms of malignant lymphoma include fever, night sweats, weight loss, skin itching, fatigue, etc. About 10% of HD present with systemic symptoms as the first clinical manifestation. Fever may be manifested as low-grade fever in the afternoon or periodic fever. Patients with obvious systemic symptoms are usually in the middle or late stages of the disease. If the response to treatment is poor, the prognosis is poor.

2. Systemic nonspecific lesions: Malignant lymphoma may be accompanied by a series of nonspecific manifestations of the skin and nervous system. Skin lesions may manifest as pellagra-like papules, pigmentation, ichthyosis, exfoliative dermatitis, herpes zoster, urticaria, erythema nodosum, dermatomyositis, etc., with an incidence of about 13-53%. Neurological lesions may manifest as motor peripheral neuropathy, polymyopathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute necrotizing myelopathy, etc.