Causes of kidney failure

Renal failure is a common disease in life and also a serious physical disease. There are many causes of renal failure. When the disease occurs, the patient's positive attitude is conducive to the treatment of the disease. Usually, renal failure can also cause many complications, such as high blood pressure, heart failure, etc. First, let’s understand the main causes of renal failure.

In life, we must pay attention to the causes of renal failure. Renal failure is divided into acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure occurs suddenly and has a greater impact on the human body. So what are the causes of renal failure? It can be mainly divided into the following points:

Chronic renal failure is a very serious kidney disease. 1. The incidence of renal failure is also very high. The influence of various adverse factors will lead to the aggravation of the condition, such as stressful primary diseases, the use of anesthesia and sedatives, structural trauma, fluid loss, blood loss and other factors that make it easy to occur after major medical surgery. 2. The onset of renal failure is more common in the elderly, causing them to suffer from renal failure. The cause is due to stress infection and sepsis. Various serious infections are also causes of renal failure, especially those accompanied by sepsis, which can induce ARF through renal ischemia and nephrotoxicity mechanisms; serious trauma: such as burns, injuries, serious fractures, etc., are prone to ARF due to shock, infection and the release of myoglobin from traumatic tissues.

The traditional etiology classification divides acute renal failure into three categories: prerenal, renal parenchymal and postrenal:

1. Prerenal acute renal failure

Prerenal acute renal failure is also known as prerenal azotemia. Its incidence rate accounts for 55% to 50% of acute renal failure. The fundamental cause of prerenal acute renal failure is the reduction of effective circulating blood volume caused by various factors, which causes the renal perfusion pressure to drop, making the glomerulus unable to maintain sufficient filtration rate, while the tissue integrity of the renal parenchyma is not damaged. Common causes of prerenal acute renal failure include dehydration, bleeding, various shocks and heart failure.

2. Renal acute renal failure

Renal acute renal failure is caused by renal parenchymal lesions, including glomerular, tubulointerstitial and renal vascular lesions, and the incidence rate accounts for 35% to 40% of acute renal failure. Depending on the cause and pathological changes, the causes of acute renal failure can be divided into two types: nephrotoxicity and renal ischemia.

3. Post-renal acute renal failure

Obstruction of urine flow may occur at any part of the way from the kidney to the urethra, and it should be a sudden obstruction of urine flow on both sides, including obstruction of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra, such as bilateral ureteral stones, prostatic hyperplasia, bladder dysfunction, etc., which will eventually lead to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, and its incidence is about 5% in acute renal failure. Since a normal single kidney can meet the function of clearing metabolic waste, acute renal failure is mostly caused by bilateral obstruction. Bladder neck obstruction caused by the prostate (including hyperplasia and tumors) is the most common cause. Other causes include neurogenic bladder and lower urinary tract obstruction (such as blood clot blockage, stones and external compression, etc.). The medical history of atypical renal failure in the elderly may not be clear, and the disease progresses insidiously. Clinically, they often seek medical treatment with digestive system symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, there is a taste of urine in the mouth and even gastrointestinal bleeding. Poverty, insomnia, and inattention are common mental symptoms in the early stages of renal failure. Personality changes occur in the later stages of renal failure: depression, memory loss, errors in judgment, and indifference to the outside world. Uremia often presents with mental abnormalities, hallucinations, coma, etc., and also often with increased neuromuscular excitability, including hiccups, muscle spasms, etc. Peripheral neuropathy is common in the late stage of renal failure, with strange sensations and tingling or tingling deep in the lower limbs, which is called restless legs syndrome.

The reason why renal failure is a relatively serious disease is that it can also cause serious complications. Hypertension is one of the common complications of renal failure. If blood pressure is not controlled promptly and effectively, it can aggravate kidney damage and form a vicious circle. Other cardiovascular complications include pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, etc. About 50% of patient deaths are related to cardiovascular complications. Therefore, renal failure should be detected and treated early.